tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89935163932071300172024-03-08T04:57:27.033-05:00Medical Mnemonics & High-YieldsiMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-80322407067697425532013-06-12T20:05:00.001-04:002013-06-12T20:05:49.804-04:00Main Psychiatry Drug Uses<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Bupropion - Smoking cessation</li>
<li>Buspirone - Generalized anxiety disorder</li>
<li>Clozapine - Schizophrenia ( positive and negative symptoms)</li>
<li>Cyproheptate - Serotonin syndrome</li>
</ul>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Dantrolene - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Disulfiram - Alcoholism</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Duloxetine - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Haloperidol - Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)</b></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Imipramine - Bedwetting</li>
<li>Lithium - Bipolar disorder</li>
<li>Methadone - Heroin detoxification</li>
<li>Metylphenidate - ADHD</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Mirtazapine - Depression with insomnia</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Phenelzine - Hypochondriasis</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Sertraline - Bulimia</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Thiamine - Wernicke-Korsakoff synfrome</b></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Trazodone - Insomnia</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-28704532204540245722012-04-04T16:25:00.002-04:002012-04-04T16:26:34.218-04:00Hyperkalemia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Digoxin vs Spironolactone</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Hyperkalemia + confusion, nauseas, vomiting, and anorexia =<b style="background-color: yellow;"> Digoxin</b></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-69819846881797893672012-03-30T21:03:00.002-04:002012-03-31T14:45:35.735-04:00Gout vs Pseudogout<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Crystals:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Gout = <b>NEGATIVELY </b>birefringent<b> (uric acid)</b></li>
<li>Pseudogout = <b>POSITIVELY </b>birefringent <b>(calcium pyrophosphate)</b></li>
</ul>
<li><b>Treatment:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Gout:</li>
<ul>
<li>Acute attack: 1st line NSAID's except aspirin; 2nd line COLCHICINE</li>
<li>Chronic: URICOSURICO agents (Never use in acute crisis)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-3646409342755035642012-03-30T20:57:00.000-04:002012-03-30T20:57:15.195-04:00Number needed to harm (NNH)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div>
NNH represents the number of people that need to be treated for one adverse event to ocurr.</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Formula: <b>NNH = <span style="background-color: yellow;">1 / ARI</span></b></li>
<ul>
<li>NNT: number needed to harm</li>
<li>ARI: absolute risk increase</li>
<li>ARI = AR: atributabe risk</li>
</ul>
<li>Classic USMLE Question:</li>
<ul>
<li><i><ul>
<li><i><span style="font-style: normal;">"You are asked to analyze survival data after six months of treatment with a drug X. The </span>results<span style="font-style: normal;"> are given below:</span><br /><span style="font-style: normal;"> Alive Dead</span><br /><span style="font-style: normal;">Treated + 10 15</span><br /><span style="font-style: normal;">Treated - 10 30</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: normal;">What is the</span><b style="font-style: normal;"> number needed to harm</b><span style="font-style: normal;"> for drug X?</span></i></li>
<li style="font-style: normal;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Answer</span></b><br />NNH = 1 / AR<br /> = 1 / (a / a+b) - (c / c+d)<br /><br />a / a + b = treatment group = 10 / (10 + 15) = 0.40<br />c / c + d = placebo group = 10 / (10 + 30) = 0.25<br /><br />NNH = 1 / (0.40 - 0.25) = 1 / 0.15 = <b style="background-color: orange;">66.6 or 67 </b></i></li>
</ul>
</i></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-41461461532008137572012-03-30T15:56:00.000-04:002012-03-30T15:58:15.197-04:00Bias<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Selection bias</span>, </b>nonrandom assignment to study group, or subjects are allocated in a group without regard their individual characteristics than influenced in the results.</li>
<ul>
<li><i>The more ill subjects are in one group, the less ill subjects in the other.</i></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Recall bias</span>, </b>knowledge of presence of disorder. <a href="http://youtu.be/oWTZXkOzL2E" target="_blank">(see video)</a> </li>
<ul>
<li><i>To know to have a disease and don't want to answer questions.</i></li>
<li><i>To have a children with a congenital disease and recall previous risk factors.</i></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Sampling bias</span>, </b>subjects are not representative relative to general population.</li>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Late-look bias</span>, </b>information gathered at an inappropriate time.</li>
<ul>
<li><i>Using a survey to study a fatal disease in a patient who is alive. </i></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Procedure bias</span>, </b>subjects in control and study group does not receive the same treatment.</li>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Confounding bias</span>, </b>the effect of one risk factor distorts the effect of the other.</li>
<ul>
<li><i>Smokes distorts the cholesterol effect (alone) in acute myocardial infarcts.</i></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Lead-times bias</span>, </b>early detection of a disease, before it appeared by its natural history. </li>
<ul>
<li><i>HIV detection before it become AIDS, treatment changes disease's natural history. </i></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Pygmalion effect</span>, </b>researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of the treatment.</li>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Hawthorne effect</span>, </b>group being studied changes its behavior to meet the expectations of the researcher.</li>
<ul>
<li><i>Patients answer yes to every risk factor to give a positive disease.</i></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Detection bias</span>, </b>more information is attempted to obtain from a exposed group than the control group.</li>
<li><b><span style="background-color: #ffd966;">Allocation bias</span>, </b>subjects are not assigned to study in a non-random fashion.</li>
</ul>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-16154646479307219652012-03-30T15:19:00.003-04:002012-03-30T15:20:06.550-04:00Warnings in Biochemistry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Aldolase B vs Aldose reductase</b></li>
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><ul>
<li>Aldolase B (Fructose metabolism): <b>SUCROSE</b> = Fructose + Glucose</li>
<li>Aldose reductase (Galactose metabolism), <b>LACTOSE</b> = Galactose + Glucose</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-1241029808795528592012-03-26T12:47:00.002-04:002012-03-26T17:38:02.641-04:00Antiarrhytmics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.cvpharmacology.com/antiarrhy/sodium%20channel%20subclass%20effects.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.cvpharmacology.com/antiarrhy/sodium%20channel%20subclass%20effects.gif" width="197" /></a></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><u style="font-weight: bold;">Type 1 </u><i style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">(Fast Food)</i>: Na+ channels, slow 0, prolongued 3</li>
<ul>
<li><b>1A: D</b>ysopyramide, <b>Q</b>uinidine,<b> P</b>rocainamide (<i>"<b>D</b>ouble <b>Q</b>uarter <b>P</b>ound")</i></li>
<li><b>1B: L</b>idocaine, <b>T</b>ocainide, <b>M</b>exiletine <i>("<b>L</b>ettuce, <b>T</b>omato, <b>M</b>ayo")</i></li>
<li><b>1C: M</b>oricizine, <b>F</b>lecainide, <b>P</b>ropafenone <i>("<b>M</b>ore <b>F</b>ries <b>P</b>lease")</i></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-809032567995151682012-03-23T12:23:00.001-04:002012-03-23T12:23:45.499-04:00Glycogen storage diseases<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Types Glucogen Storage Diseases: <i>"<b>V</b>ery <b>P</b>oor <b>C</b>arbohydrate <b>M</b>etabolism" </i><a href="http://imindmaps.blogspot.com/2012/03/glycogen-storage-diseases.html" target="_blank">(see MindMap)</a></li>
<ul>
<li><b>V</b>on Gierke's (type 1)</li>
<li><b>P</b>ompe's (type 2)</li>
<li><b>C</b>ori's (type 3)</li>
<li><b>M</b>cArdle's (type 5)</li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-18575285771305459692012-03-16T00:14:00.000-04:002012-03-16T00:44:10.122-04:00Heart Murmurs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><u>HOLO Causes (regurgitations)</u></b></li>
<ul>
<li><b>HOLOSYSTOLIC </b>or <b>PANSYSTOLIC murmur </b>
<a href="http://youtu.be/akr_MFTKiF4" target="_blank">(listen)</a><br /><i>(<b>MTV </b>is a musical <b>HOLO</b>caust)</i></li>
<ul>
<li><b>M</b>itral regurgitation</li>
<li><b>T</b>ricuspid regurgitation</li>
<li><b>V</b>entricular septal defects (VSD)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>HOLODYASTOLIC murmur </b><a href="http://youtu.be/L0Ua0wcBw0Y" target="_blank">(listen)</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Aortic regurgitation</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><b><u>MID Causes (stenosis)</u></b></li>
<ul>
<li><b>MID-SYSTOLIC EJECTION murmur </b><a href="http://youtu.be/JixGQdcxzTU" target="_blank">(listen)</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Aortic stenosis (diamond shaped or crescendo-decrescendo)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>MID-DIASTOLIC, <u>LOW PITCHED</u> murmur </b><a href="http://youtu.be/IycvM5M-Qg4" target="_blank">(listen)</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Mitral stenosis</li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-6443481823351140422012-03-15T22:17:00.003-04:002012-03-31T12:17:10.830-04:00Myeloid leukemia (Acute vs Chronic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Translocation</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Acute: (15; 17)</li>
<li>Chronic: (9; 22)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Retinoic acid (Vit. A) treatment response:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Acute: Yes <i>(Vit. <b>A</b>cute) </i>
- promyelocytic M3</li>
<li>Chronic: No</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Auer rods' cells:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Acute: Yes <i>(<b>A</b>uer's of <b>A</b>cute)</i></li>
<li>Chronic: No</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Subtypes:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Acute: M1, M2, M3</li>
<li>Chronic: None</li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-83494831005196096002012-03-15T21:55:00.003-04:002012-03-15T22:00:54.332-04:00Codons<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>START & STOP codons</b></li>
<ul>
<li>START:<b> AUG</b><i><b>, GUG</b></i></li>
<ul>
<li><i>(m<u>AUG</u>, <u>GUG</u>u)</i></li>
</ul>
<li><i>STOP:<b> UAA, UAG, UGA</b></i></li>
<ul>
<li><i>(</i>every stop codon starts with<i> <b><span style="background-color: yellow;">U</span> </b>+AA, +AG, +GA)</i></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-29866566379598896352012-03-13T13:22:00.003-04:002012-03-15T22:04:09.389-04:00Drugs that act on microtubules<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><i><b>M</b>y <b>T</b>ubes of <b>PVC </b>are <b>Gr</b>ay<b>"</b></i></li>
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><ul>
<li><i><b>M</b></i>ebendazol / <b>T</b>hiabendazol (anti helmintic)</li>
<li><i><b>P</b></i>aclitaxel (anti breast cancer)</li>
<li><i><b>V</b></i>incristine (anti cancer)</li>
<li><i><b>C</b></i>olchicine (anti gout)</li>
<li><i><b>G</b></i>riseofulvin (antifungal)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-11778316427971800062012-03-04T10:08:00.003-05:002012-03-04T10:08:53.001-05:00Diuretics: site of action and effects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><u>LOOP DIURETICS</u> </b><a href="http://imindmaps.blogspot.com/2012/03/diuretics-site-of-action.html" target="_blank">(see MinMap)</a></li>
<ul>
<li>Inhibits: Na - K - Cl pump. Producing <b>serum HYPO (natremia, kalemia, chloremia)</b></li>
<li>Increases excretion: Ca, Mg. Producing <b>serum HYPO (calcemia, magnesemia)</b></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-20784878720188007772012-03-03T13:44:00.003-05:002012-04-04T18:48:55.253-04:00Drug combination adverse effects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>ACE inhibitors + Potassium sparing diuretic = HYPERKALEMIA</b></li>
<ul>
<li>every "PRIL" + (amiloride, triamterene, spironolactone)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Statins + Fibrates = MYOPATHY and/or HEPATOTOXICITY</b></li>
<ul>
<li>every "STATIN" + gemfibrozil</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Bile acid binding resins (cholestyramine, colesevelam, colestipol) + Fibrate (gemfibrozil) = GALLSTONES formation</b></li>
<li><b>Hearing loss combination = OTOTOXICITY</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Aminoglycosides</li>
<li>Salicilates</li>
<li>Loop diuretics</li>
<li>Cisplatine</li>
</ul>
<li><b>MAO inhibitors + B-adrenergic agonists = HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS</b></li>
<li><b>MAO inhibitors + SSRI's and/or Meperidine = SEROTONIN SYNDROME</b></li>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-64843789789526175352012-03-03T13:10:00.000-05:002012-03-30T20:38:32.660-04:00Number needed to treat (NNT)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Formula: <span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>NNT = 1 / ARR</b></span></li>
<ul>
<li>NNT: number needed to treat</li>
<li>ARR: absolute risk reduction (<b>PLACEBO GROUP RATIO EVENT)</b><br />ARR = AR: attributable risk = (a / a + b) - (c / c + d)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Classic USMLE question:</b></li>
<ul>
<li><i>"You are asked to evaluate the efficacy if a new drug X effect in laboratory rats. The results of a randomized control trial at 10 years are given below:<br /> Disease + Disease -<br />Treated (drug X) 10 990<br />No treated (placebo) 25 975<br /><br />What is the<b> number needed to treat</b> to prevent the disease using drug X?</i></li>
<li><i><b><span style="color: red;">Answer</span></b><br />NNT = 1 / ARR = 1 / (placebo group - treatment group)<br />a / a + b = treatment group = 10 / (10 + 990) = 0.010<br />c / c + d = placebo group = 25 / (25 + 975) = 0.025<br /><br />NNT = 1 / (0.025 - 0.010) = 1 / 0.015 = <b style="background-color: orange;">66.6 or 67 </b></i></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-10576904549772198802012-03-03T10:53:00.000-05:002012-03-03T10:54:15.613-05:00Classical conditioning<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Components:</li>
<ul>
<li>NATURAL RESPONSE (salivation)</li>
<li>CONDITIONED STIMULUS or <b>LEARNED </b>(bell)</li>
<li>UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (food)</li>
</ul>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/JtZMznLKkEI" style="text-align: left;" width="420"></iframe></div>
</div>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-80999017420502330602012-03-02T19:46:00.004-05:002012-03-02T20:04:12.486-05:00Hurler's vs Hunter's syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidoses)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Inhertitance:</li>
<ul>
<li>Hurler's: autosomal recessive</li>
<li>Hunter's: <b>X-linked recessive </b><a href="http://imindmaps.blogspot.com/2012/01/x-linked-recessive-disorders.html" target="_blank">(see MindMap)</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Clinical findings:</li>
<ul>
<li>Hurler's: <b>corneal clouding</b> <a href="http://imindmaps.blogspot.com/2012/03/lysosomal-storage-diseases.html" target="_blank">(see MindMap)</a></li>
<li>Hunter's: non-corneal clouding</li>
</ul>
<li>Deficient enzyme:</li>
<ul>
<li>Hurler's: a-L-irunidase</li>
<li>Hunter's: iduronate sulfatase</li>
</ul>
<li>Accumulated substarte: h<b>eparan and dermatan sulfate </b>(both)</li>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-34046495161594981692012-03-02T04:49:00.003-05:002012-03-02T04:56:59.047-05:00Niacin & Meds Interactions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Niacin and <b>Hypertension</b> meds</li>
<ul>
<li>Potentiates anti-hypertensive meds, such as vasodilators and gaglion blockers because Niacin has vasodilator effects</li>
</ul>
<li>Niacin and <b>Diabetes</b> meds</li>
<ul>
<li>Causes insulin resistance - needs to increase diabetic meds doses</li>
</ul>
<li>Increases <b>Uric Acid</b></li>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-17061825652775885572012-02-28T18:53:00.000-05:002012-02-28T18:56:26.469-05:00Thiazides diuretics Hyper / Hypo effects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>The most common thiazide: <b>Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)</b></li>
<li><b>HYPER </b>effects in serum:</li>
<ul>
<li><b>HYPER</b>uricemia (precipitate acute gouty arthritis)</li>
<li><b>HYPER</b>calcemia (renal calcium resorption, decrease calcium in urine)</li>
<li><b>HYPER</b>glycemia</li>
<li><b>HYPER</b>lipidemia (increase choleterol and LDL)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>HYPO </b>effects in serum:</li>
<ul>
<li><b>HYPO</b>kalemia</li>
<li><b>HYPO</b>tension (decreases blood volume and peripheral vascular resistance)</li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-71811390991454689812012-02-28T15:04:00.002-05:002012-02-28T15:07:17.788-05:00DNA / RNA Polymerase Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>DNA polymerase:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Eukaryotic cell: <b>5 forms </b>(alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon)</li>
<li>Prokaryotic cell: <b>3 forms </b>(1, 2, 3)</li>
</ul>
<li><b>RNA polymerase:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Eukaryotic cell: <b>3 forms</b> (1, 2, 3)</li>
<li>Prokaryoti cell: <b>1 form</b></li>
</ul>
<li>Eukaryotic cell has more genetic material, so it has more polymerases and multiple replication points than prokaryotic cells</li>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-51299130866700713402012-02-28T09:58:00.001-05:002012-02-28T10:36:35.740-05:00Insulin vs Glucagon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Phosphorilation = Dis-activation:</b></li>
<ul>
<li><b style="background-color: yellow;">I</b>nsulin: d<b style="background-color: yellow;">I</b>phosphorilate (activator)</li>
<li>Glucagon: phosphorilate (dis-activator)</li>
</ul>
<li>Glycogen <b>storage/release</b> and <b>phosphorilation (dis-activation)</b>:</li>
<ul>
<li><b>Glycogen synthase (synthesis = storage)</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Activated (di-phosphorilated) = fed stage</li>
<li>Dis-activated (phosphorilated) fast stage</li>
</ul>
<li><b>Glycogen phosphorilase (glycogen degradator) </b>in muscle</li>
<ul>
<li>Activated (di-phosphorilated) = fast stage</li>
<li>Dis-activated (phosphorilated) = fed stage</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>Insulin / Glucagon regulators (feedback):</li>
<ul>
<li>cAMP and PKA (protein kinase A)</li>
<li>cAMP activates PKA in <b>fast state</b></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-90422105982756051692012-02-28T09:49:00.004-05:002012-02-28T10:03:42.077-05:00Glucose Transport Receptors & Insulin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Glucose Transport Receptors: GLUT 1, GLUT 2, GLUT 4, GLUT 5</li>
<li><b>Insulin responsive:GLUT 4</b></li>
<ul>
<li>"you have in the <b>4 </b>limbs <b>muscle</b> and <b>fat</b>"</li>
</ul>
<li>Cells<b> don't need insulin: "BRICKL" </b>(<b>B</b>rain, <b>R</b>BC's, <b>I</b>ntestine, <b>C</b>ornea, <b>K</b>idney, <b>L</b>iver)</li>
<li><b>Pancreatic B-cell GLUT </b>receptor is open in both directions:<b> 2</b></li>
<li><b>GLUT 5: </b>responsible of fructose absorption on the gut</li>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-30791651817463447742012-02-27T05:41:00.006-05:002012-02-27T05:43:01.074-05:00Inulin vs PAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): <span style="background-color: yellow;">Inulin</span> </b>- how much blood is filtered
per minute</li>
<li><b>Renal Plasma Flow (RPF): <span style="background-color: yellow;">PAH</span></b>
- how much plasma is filtered per minute</li>
<ul>
<li>Remember: <b style="background-color: yellow;">P</b>AH is <b style="background-color: yellow;">P</b>lasma</li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-46285864019563770242012-02-27T05:21:00.001-05:002012-02-27T05:45:18.383-05:00Renal Formulas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><u>Renal Clearance</u>: <b style="background-color: yellow;">Cx = Ux V / Px</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Cx: clearance of X (mL/min)</li>
<li>Ux: urine concentration of X</li>
<li>V: urine flow rate</li>
<li>Px: plasma concentration of X</li>
</ul>
<li><u>Renal Blood Flow</u><b>: <span style="background-color: yellow;">RBF = RPF / (1-Hct)</span></b></li>
<ul>
<li>RPF: renal plasma flow</li>
</ul>
<li><u>(Efective) Renal Plasma Flow</u>: <b style="background-color: yellow;">ERPF = RPF = Cpah</b></li>
<ul>
<li>pah: para-amino-hippurate</li>
<li><b><i>Note: plasma = blood - RBC's</i></b></li>
<li><b>RPF: how much plasma is filtered per minute</b></li>
</ul>
<li><u>Glomerular Filtration Rate</u>: <b style="background-color: yellow;">GFR = Ci = Ui xV / Pi</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Ci: clearance of inulin</li>
<li>Ui: urine concentration of inulin</li>
<li>V: urine flow rate</li>
<li>Pi: plasma concentration of inulin</li>
<li><b>GFR: how much blood is filtered per minute </b>(N: 90-120 mL/min)</li>
<li><b style="background-color: yellow;">GFR = Creatinine Clearance</b></li>
</ul>
<li><u>Filtration Fraction</u>: <b><span style="background-color: yellow;">FF = GFR / RPF</span> </b>(N: 20%)</li>
<li><b style="background-color: yellow;">Filtered Load = GFR X Px</b></li>
<li><b style="background-color: yellow;">Excretion Rate = V X Ux</b></li>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8993516393207130017.post-47215548439631768622012-02-26T06:13:00.001-05:002012-02-26T06:27:39.403-05:00Orotic aciduria vs Ornithine transcarbomoylase deficiency (OTC)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Hyperammonemia </b><a href="http://imindmaps.blogspot.com/2012/02/otc-deficiency-vs-orotic-aciduria.html" target="_blank">(see MindMap)</a><b>:</b></li>
<ul>
<li>Orotic aciduria: <b>NO</b></li>
<li>OTC: <b>YES</b></li>
</ul>
<li>Enzyme:</li>
<ul>
<li>Orotic aciduria: <b>Orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase </b>or <b>Orotodine 5'-P-descarboxylase</b></li>
<li>OTC: <b>Ornithine transcarbomoylase</b></li>
</ul>
</ol>
</div>iMindMaphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01213755864486405587noreply@blogger.com0